Excessive vulcanisation: excessive crosslinking density leading to molecular chain breakage (torque meter shows torque exceeding platform value by more than 15%).
Excessive filler:Excessive carbon black/silica content (>70phr) leads to increased brittleness of the rubber.
Plasticiser migration: Low molecular weight plasticisers (e.g. DOP) volatilise or migrate during the vulcanisation process.
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